The landscape of gastroenterology in the United States is undergoing a transformative phase. With 18,756 active gastroenterologists, the field confronts substantial challenges as over half are poised to retire within the next decade1.
Recent GI workforce data indicates a shift in gender dynamics within the profession. As of 2021, 59.0% of gastroenterologists are women, contrasting with 41.0% men1. This shift signifies a notable evolution in the field’s diversity.
Despite advancements in gender representation, a persistent pay disparity exists. Female gastroenterologists earn an average of $221,171 annually, compared to $250,765 for their male counterparts. This disparity equates to women earning 88 cents for every dollar earned by men in the specialty1.
The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) is actively addressing the field’s challenges. They have released a clinical practice update with 13 tips for managing nonampullary duodenal polyps and categorized 12 therapies for ulcerative colitis by efficacy in their first living guideline2. These initiatives aim to elevate patient care and support practitioners in managing complex cases.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) poses a significant challenge for gastroenterologists. A 2023 study estimated that 2.39 million Americans are afflicted with IBD, with 1.25 million suffering from ulcerative colitis and 1.01 million from Crohn’s disease. The overall US prevalence for IBD is 721 cases per 100,000 person-years3.
Key Takeaways
- Over 18,000 active gastroenterologists in the US, with half nearing retirement
- Women now comprise 59% of gastroenterologists, but a pay gap remains
- AGA provides updated guidelines for managing various GI conditions
- IBD affects over 2.3 million Americans, with varying prevalence among demographic groups
- Ongoing efforts to address workforce challenges and improve patient care
Current State of Gastroenterology Workforce
The gastroenterology workforce in the United States confronts a critical shortage, with demand outstripping supply. By 2025, a deficit of 1,630 full-time gastroenterologists is projected, juxtaposed against a demand of 17,170 and a supply of 15,540 providers4. This disparity underlines the imperative for a strategic healthcare delivery framework.
Total Active Gastroenterologists in the US
The current gastroenterologist distribution landscape is complex. Recent data indicates a shortage that will significantly affect patient care nationwide. The escalating demand for GI services, coupled with an aging populace, accentuates the necessity of addressing this workforce deficit.
Geographic Distribution Patterns
Geographic disparities in gastroenterologist distribution are pronounced, with the Midwest facing the most significant projected deficit of 810 providers, followed by the South with 690 and the West with 6804. These regional imbalances in GI workforce demographics complicate equitable healthcare access across the country.
| Region | Projected Supply Deficit |
|---|---|
| Midwest | 810 |
| South | 690 |
| West | 680 |
Age Demographics of Practitioners
The age profile of gastroenterologists raises concerns about future workforce stability. A staggering 50% of gastroenterology providers are aged 55 years or older4. This aging trend is exacerbated by early retirement considerations, with 21.8% of surveyed physicians contemplating early retirement due to feeling overworked4.
The GI workforce demographics reveal a field grappling with significant challenges. A multifaceted approach is required, including expanding training programs and improving practice conditions to retain experienced practitioners.
Projected Physician Shortages and Deficits
The healthcare sector is on the cusp of a profound crisis, with impending physician shortages casting a shadow over the future. By 2035, the United States is forecasted to confront a deficit of 81,180 full-time equivalent (FTE) physicians across a myriad of specialties5. This impending scarcity will have far-reaching implications, affecting multiple medical disciplines, including gastroenterology.
Expected Shortage of Gastroenterologists
The gastroenterologist shortage is a pressing concern. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) anticipates a shortfall of 1,630 gastroenterologists by 20256. This projected GI workforce deficit threatens to overwhelm healthcare systems, potentially curtailing patient access to vital gastrointestinal care.
Impact on Healthcare Delivery
The escalating gastroenterologist shortage will exert profound effects on healthcare delivery. With an aging populace and a surge in gastrointestinal diseases, the demand for GI services is poised to escalate. By 2060, the U.S. population aged 65 and older is projected to nearly double, reaching 98 million6. This demographic shift will amplify the necessity for gastroenterology services, exacerbating the existing workforce deficit.
Regional Shortage Variations
The gastroenterologist shortage will not affect all regions equally. Rural areas are anticipated to bear the brunt of these shortages. By 2035, nonmetro areas are projected to face a 52% shortage in physician supply, whereas metro areas will experience only a 1% deficit5. This disparity underlines the imperative for targeted strategies to address regional disparities in the GI workforce deficit.
In the face of these challenges, the healthcare industry must adopt innovative solutions and policy interventions. These measures are critical to mitigate the effects of the gastroenterologist shortage and ensure uninterrupted access to quality GI care for all patients.
Demographics and Patient Demand Trends
The gastroenterology sector is undergoing a transformative phase, influenced by evolving GI patient demographics and gastroenterology demand trends. An aging populace is significantly escalating care requirements. By 2030, 20% of Americans will be over 65, with 40% of gastroenterology patients already aged 60 or older7.
This demographic transformation intensifies the pressure on gastroenterology services. Approximately 35% of individuals aged 65 and older suffer from chronic gastrointestinal conditions, contributing to the staggering 70 million Americans afflicted by digestive diseases8. The repercussions extend beyond mere patient numbers, shaping the types of services in highest demand.
The expansion of colorectal cancer screening guidelines adds to the existing strain. The reduction in screening age from 50 to 45 has introduced an additional 19 million patients into the screening pool7. This adjustment, coupled with projected increases in colon and rectal cancer rates, highlights the pressing need for an expanded gastroenterology workforce.
| Factor | Impact on Gastroenterology Demand |
|---|---|
| Aging Population | 42% of physician demand by 2034 from 65+ age group |
| Chronic GI Conditions | 35% of 65+ have chronic gastrointestinal conditions |
| Expanded Screening Guidelines | 19 million new patients requiring screening |
| Cancer Rate Projections | 8% increase in men, 7% in women for 2024 |
The gastroenterology demand trends pose substantial challenges for the workforce. With nearly half of current gastroenterologists anticipated to retire within the next two decades, the field confronts a critical shortage8. This impending gap between supply and demand emphasizes the imperative for strategic workforce planning in gastroenterology.
Key Gastroenterologist Statistics for 2025
The gastroenterology sector is anticipated to undergo substantial transformations by 2025. Market forecasts suggest a considerable expansion, with the global gastroenterology market projected to attain $53.10 billion by 2031, exhibiting a 6.1% CAGR from 2024 to 20319.
Annual Procedure Volumes
GI procedure volumes are escalating, driven by an aging populace and heightened disease prevalence. Approximately 350 million individuals globally face gastrointestinal challenges annually, intensifying the need for specialized medical attention9. This trend is significantly altering the gastroenterology practice landscape within the United States.
Revenue Generation Metrics
Gastroenterology revenue statistics underscore the sector’s expansion. The segment of biologics/biosimilars is anticipated to command a significant market share, with oral dosage forms leading in administration methods9. North America retains a dominant market position, bolstered by elevated healthcare expenditures and the prevalence of GI disorders.
Practice Pattern Changes
The field confronts challenges, including a projected shortage of specialists. By 2036, gastroenterologists are forecasted to be 97.7% adequate nationally, indicating a slight undersupply10. This shortage exhibits regional variability, with 94 out of 192 Core-Based Statistical Areas experiencing deficits in both gastroenterologists and hematologists/oncologists10.
As the industry evolves, gastroenterologists must adapt to evolving practice patterns. The average ratio of Americans per gastroenterologist stands at 20,830, underscoring the imperative for efficient service delivery and the adoption of innovative care models10.
Economic Impact and Revenue Analysis
Gastroenterologists are integral to the healthcare ecosystem, significantly bolstering hospital revenue and the broader economic landscape. This discourse delves into the financial contributions of these specialists, examining their influence on healthcare institutions.
Average Revenue per Gastroenterologist
The financial significance of gastroenterologists within healthcare institutions is evident, with their revenue figures standing as a testament to their economic value. Though specific data for gastroenterologists is lacking, insights can be gleaned from general physician revenue statistics. For instance, in Pennsylvania, each physician generates an average economic output of $2,273,885 and contributes $1,120,910 in wages and benefits11.
Hospital Contribution Metrics
The GI economic impact transcends individual revenue, with physicians, including gastroenterologists, playing a critical role in job creation and local economic stimulation. On average, each physician supports 12.70 jobs and generates $86,969 in local and state tax revenues11.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Average Economic Output per Physician | $2,273,885 |
| Average Wages and Benefits Supported | $1,120,910 |
| Jobs Supported per Physician | 12.70 |
| Local and State Tax Revenues Generated | $86,969 |
These metrics underscore the substantial economic contributions of physicians, including gastroenterologists, to healthcare systems and local economies. The data emphasizes the criticality of recruiting and retaining these specialists for both financial and healthcare delivery purposes11.
Grasping the economic influence of gastroenterologists is imperative for healthcare administrators and policymakers. Merritt Hawkins’ surveys offer invaluable insights into physician revenue generation, aiding hospitals in developing quantitative analyses for assessing the fiscal benefits of physician recruitment12. This information is instrumental in setting compensation levels and recruiting incentives, ensuring a harmonious approach to staffing and financial planning in gastroenterology departments.
Workforce Retirement Projections
The gastroenterology sector confronts formidable hurdles due to impending GI retirement trends. By 2025, it is anticipated to endure the second-most pronounced physician deficit among Internal Medicine subspecialties, with a projected shortage of 1,630 full-time equivalents (FTEs)13. This deficit is compounded by the reality that over 50% of active gastroenterologists are on the cusp of retirement within the next decade13.
The gastroenterologist workforce turnover is further complicated by several factors. An aging populace necessitates an increased demand for gastroenterology services, while a rise in younger individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer exacerbates the pressure13. Digestive diseases account for a substantial number of disability cases, and more Americans are hospitalized for digestive issues than any other condition14.
To address these challenges, the field is exploring various strategies. Implementing GI hospitalists can optimize inpatient care and enhance revenue generation for hospitals13. The rise in healthcare provider turnover has underscored the importance of locum tenens positions, which offer flexible staffing solutions to quickly fill vacancies and maintain patient care standards1314.
| Retirement Factor | Impact | Potential Solution |
|---|---|---|
| 50% of gastroenterologists nearing retirement | Significant workforce shortage | Increased fellowship positions |
| Rising procedure costs | Shift to larger health systems | Financial incentives for independent practice |
| Increasing demand for GI services | Strain on existing workforce | Telemedicine implementation |
As the gastroenterology field navigates these retirement projections, it must also adapt to evolving healthcare needs. Utilizing telemedicine can facilitate easier management of both minor and severe conditions, benefiting patients and providers alike13. This approach, combined with strategic workforce planning, will be critical in addressing the impending shortage and ensuring continued quality care in gastroenterology.
Training and Education Pipeline
The gastroenterology training landscape is undergoing significant transformations to address future workforce demands. GI training programs are instrumental in molding the next cadre of specialists.
Fellowship Program Statistics
An exhaustive analysis of gastroenterology fellowships unveiled significant trends. Among 203 programs scrutinized, only 21% were found to adequately document graduate career trajectories15. This deficiency underlines the imperative for enhanced tracking of trainee outcomes within GI training programs.
Gender diversity in gastroenterology fellowships necessitates further enhancement. Female graduates comprised 33% of the total, with analogous percentages observed in both university-based (33.1%) and non-university-based (32.5%) programs15.
| Program Type | Female Graduates (%) |
|---|---|
| University-based | 33.1% |
| Non-university-based | 32.5% |
Match Rates and Available Positions
The career trajectories of gastroenterology fellowship graduates exhibit considerable variability. 48% pursue nonacademic roles, 34% opt for academic positions, and 17% seek additional fellowship training15. These statistics highlight the broad spectrum of opportunities awaiting newly minted gastroenterologists.
Future Training Capacity
Enhancing diversity in gastroenterology poses a formidable challenge. A survey of 1,219 professionals revealed that 35.4% identified insufficient representation in the education and training pipeline as the primary obstacle to increasing racial and ethnic diversity16. To address this, 44.7% advocated for career mentorship opportunities, while 42.7% proposed medical student opportunities16.
The Intersociety Group on Diversity (IGD), established in 2020, endeavors to augment diversity in gastroenterology among its members, trainees, and leadership17. This initiative, in collaboration with five gastroenterology professional societies, signifies a significant stride towards fostering a more inclusive GI training environment.
Practice Model Evolution
The gastroenterology practice models landscape is undergoing profound transformations, mirroring broader shifts in healthcare delivery paradigms. GI practice trends indicate a significant migration from independent practices to employment within larger health systems or academic institutions. This metamorphosis profoundly influences gastroenterology career options and the delivery of patient care.
Over the past decade, a 41% decline in gastroenterology practices with 3 to 9 physicians has been observed, while practices with over 500 physicians have witnessed a two-thirds increase18. This consolidation trend is reshaping the field, with nearly 10% of US gastroenterologists now part of private equity-backed practices18.
The shift away from private practice has been ongoing for 50 years, driven by changes in healthcare reimbursement, collaborative care models, and patient demographics19. Large group models offer improved negotiating power and cost savings for gastroenterologists, but they also present challenges like integration difficulties and the loss of autonomy19.
Training models are adapting to these changes. In countries like the Netherlands and the USA, gastroenterology training has been extended to four years, with subspecialties emerging in Interventional Endoscopy, Neuromotility, Oncology, and Hepatology20. This extended training aims to prepare practitioners for the complexities of modern gastroenterology practice.
| Practice Model | Trend | Key Factors |
|---|---|---|
| Private Practice | Declining | Reimbursement changes, administrative burdens |
| Hospital-Based | Increasing | Improved negotiating power, cost savings |
| Large Group Practice | Growing | Collaborative care models, economies of scale |
| Private Equity-Backed | Emerging | Financial opportunities, practice consolidation |
These evolving practice models are reshaping gastroenterology career options, presenting diverse paths for practitioners while addressing the changing needs of patient care and healthcare economics.
Technological Advancements in GI Care
The gastroenterology domain is undergoing a transformative phase, propelled by the advent of GI telemedicine and AI-driven innovations. These technological strides are revolutionizing patient care, tackling workforce shortages with unprecedented efficacy.
Telemedicine Adoption Rates
GI telemedicine has experienced a notable surge, driven by recent disruptions in the healthcare sector. This technology facilitates remote consultations, follow-ups, and certain diagnostic procedures. It enhances access to care, alleviating the pressure on traditional in-person visits.
AI Implementation Statistics
Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing gastroenterology, with significant leaps in diagnostic precision. AI models have achieved remarkable success in detecting early neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus, outperforming non-expert endoscopists with an accuracy rate of 96.4% and identifying optimal biopsy sites in 97% of patients21.
In the realm of esophageal cancer detection, AI models have demonstrated unparalleled performance. A deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 88% in identifying dysplasia, exceeding the 73% accuracy of general endoscopists22. Another study highlighted AI-assisted interpretation’s capability to enhance lesion identification and potentially reduce misdiagnosis rates in gastrointestinal imaging21.
| AI Application | Sensitivity | Specificity |
|---|---|---|
| Early Neoplasia Detection in BE | 96.4% | 94.2% |
| Esophageal SCC Identification | 97.8% | 85.4% |
| H. pylori Gastritis Diagnosis | 89% | 87% |
These technological advancements in gastroenterology are not only elevating diagnostic accuracy but also addressing workforce shortages by optimizing GI care delivery efficiency. As the field continues to evolve, the integration of AI and telemedicine is poised to redefine the future of gastroenterology practice.
Burnout and Workplace Satisfaction
The gastroenterology field is grappling with a critical issue: GI physician burnout. Studies have uncovered disturbing trends in burnout prevalence among gastroenterologists globally. In the United States, Canada, and South Korea, a staggering 50-55% of gastroenterologists are at risk or experiencing burnout23. This alarming rate of burnout profoundly affects job satisfaction and overall well-being among gastroenterologists.
Burnout Prevalence Data
A detailed survey in the United States revealed that 49% of gastroenterologists reported burnout. This burnout manifests in emotional exhaustion (45%) and depersonalization (21%)24. The prevalence of burnout symptoms among gastroenterologists is significantly higher than in the general population, with 37.9% of physicians experiencing burnout compared to 27.8% of the general workforce25.
Work-Life Balance Metrics
Work-life balance is essential for job satisfaction among gastroenterologists. They spend 8 hours on direct patient care, 3 hours on administrative tasks, and 2 hours on work at home daily24. This demanding schedule often results in burnout, with 64% of respondents expressing a desire to retire or leave their practice24.
| Factor | Impact on Burnout |
|---|---|
| User-friendly EMR | 56% lower odds of burnout |
| Eating breakfast and lunch regularly | 25% lower odds of burnout |
| Satisfaction with spousal relationship | 47% lower odds of burnout |
| Planning to retire early | 3.5 times higher odds of burnout |
To address GI physician burnout, a multifaceted approach is necessary. Improving EMR systems, promoting work-life balance, and providing resources for professional and personal well-being can significantly enhance job satisfaction and reduce burnout rates24.
Financial Trends and Reimbursement Changes
The gastroenterology sector confronts formidable financial hurdles, with reimbursement rates experiencing a consistent decline. Between 2014 and 2019, gastroenterologists witnessed a 5.8% annual reduction in non-research payments from the healthcare industry, culminating in a drastic 48.4% decline in 202026. This downward trend in gastroenterology reimbursement profoundly affects the sustainability of practices and influences career decisions.
GI financial trends reveal a nuanced environment. The median monthly compensation for gastroenterologists plummeted from $62.46 pre-pandemic to $53.04 during the pandemic26. Despite these adversities, the GI sector continues to attract substantial investments. Over 130 GI practice acquisitions have occurred post-2016, with 2021 witnessing a peak in transaction volumes27.
The escalating financial pressures are compelling gastroenterologists to seek employment within larger health systems. This trend is reflected in the market, where GI practice transactions frequently achieve EBITDA multiples ranging from high single digits to low double digits for midsized practices27. By 2025, the sector is anticipated to face a shortage of approximately 1,630 Full-Time Equivalents (FTEs), exacerbating the financial challenges13.
| Financial Metric | Pre-Pandemic | During Pandemic |
|---|---|---|
| Median Monthly Payment | $62.46 | $53.04 |
| Annual Change in Payments | -5.8% | -48.4% |
| Average Annual Payment | $23,431 | Varied |
To navigate these financial challenges, many practices are venturing into new revenue streams. The increasing adoption of telemedicine offers a promising avenue for managing gastrointestinal conditions efficiently, potentially mitigating some revenue losses13. As the field grapples with these complex financial dynamics, a deep understanding and adaptation to the evolving landscape of gastroenterology reimbursement will be imperative for both practitioners and healthcare systems.
Conclusion
The trajectory of gastroenterology is beset by formidable hurdles, including a dearth of professionals and an escalating patient load. The national average of gastroenterologists per 100,000 populace is 4.6, with stark disparities across different states28. Such uneven distribution severely hampers access to healthcare, exacerbating issues like alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD).
GI workforce solutions must proactively address the escalating need for specialized care. In 2018, expenditures on gastrointestinal health care reached $119.6 billion, with over 36.8 million ambulatory visits for GI symptoms annually29. The field witnessed 22.2 million gastrointestinal endoscopies and 284,844 new GI cancers diagnosed each year29. These figures highlight the indispensable role gastroenterologists play in healthcare.
To navigate these challenges, the gastroenterology sector must adopt innovative approaches. This includes harnessing technology, refining practice models, and bolstering training programs. With NIH support of $3.1 billion for GI research in 2020, the field is poised for transformative breakthroughs29. By tackling workforce disparities and embracing novel solutions, the gastroenterology community can guarantee superior care for an aging populace and combat the rising tide of GI-related mortality.
FAQ
What is the projected shortage of gastroenterologists by 2025?
How is the geographic distribution of gastroenterologists in the US?
What factors are driving the increased demand for gastroenterology services?
How are technological advancements shaping the future of gastroenterology practice?
What is the trend in gastroenterology practice models?
How prevalent is burnout among gastroenterologists?
What is the economic impact of gastroenterologists on healthcare systems?
How are reimbursement trends affecting gastroenterology practice?
What is the state of gastroenterology training programs?
How is the aging gastroenterology workforce expected to impact the field?
Source Links
- Gastroenterologist Demographics and Statistics [2025]: Number Of Gastroenterologists In The US – https://www.zippia.com/gastroenterologist-jobs/demographics/
- American Gastroenterological Association – https://gastro.org/
- IBD Statistics – https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/factsheets/ibd-statistics/
- GI physician shortage ‘a significant concern’ affecting both providers, patients – https://www.healio.com/news/gastroenterology/20221215/gi-physician-shortage-a-significant-concern-affecting-both-providers-patients
- Physician Workforce: Projections, 2020-2035 – https://bhw.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bureau-health-workforce/Physicians-Projections-Factsheet.pdf
- Gastroenterology Supply and Demand | AMN Healthcare – https://www.amnhealthcare.com/amn-insights/physician/blog/understanding-gastroenterology-supply-demand-amid-widespread-shortages/
- PDF – https://19626693.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/19626693/2024 White Papers/Addressing the Impending Gastroenterologist Shortage – 24.pdf
- 8 Things to Know About the Gastroenterologist Shortage – https://resources.healthgrades.com/pro/8-things-to-know-about-the-gastroenterologist-shortage
- Gastroenterology Market Projected to Reach USD 53.10 Billion by 2031, Says Coherent Market Insights – https://www.biospace.com/press-releases/gastroenterology-market-projected-to-reach-usd-53-10-billion-by-2031-says-coherent-market-insights
- Gastroenterologist & Oncologist Supply Not Evenly Distributed – https://www.trillianthealth.com/market-research/studies/gastroenterologist-and-oncologist-supply-not-evenly-distributed-at-the-market-level
- Economic Impact of Physicians in Pennsylvania – https://www.pamedsoc.org/docs/librariesprovider2/pamed-documents/pennsylvania-physician-impact-report.pdf?sfvrsn=98fe5fab_2
- DocHdl1OnPPMSVR01tmpTarget – https://www.amnhealthcare.com/siteassets/candidate-blog/physician/merritthawkins_revenuesurvey_2019.pdf
- Addressing The Impending Gastroenterologist Shortage – https://medicushcs.com/resources/addressing-the-impending-gastroenterologist-shortage
- Why the Demand for Gastroenterologists is Growing – https://www.caliberhealth.com/blog/are-gastroenterologists-in-demand
- Career selection trends among recent gastroenterology fellowship graduates – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10727681/
- Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Gastroenterology and Hepatology: A Survey of Where We Stand – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9722387/
- New report: Physician views on race, ethnicity and diversity in gastroenterology – https://gastro.org/news/new-report-physician-views-on-race-ethnicity-and-diversity-in-gastroenterology/
- The Rise of Private Equity in Gastroenterology Practices – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10548246/
- Evolution of gastroenterology practice: medicare reform, payment systems, and changing landscape – https://scholars.mssm.edu/en/publications/evolution-of-gastroenterology-practice-medicare-reform-payment-sy
- Evolution of gastroenterology training – PMC – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2670403/
- Artificial intelligence in gastroenterology: A state-of-the-art review – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8567482/
- Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Gastroenterology and Hepatology – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307848/
- Burnout and work satisfaction are differentially associated in gastroenterologists in Germany – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9152463/
- Burnout in gastroenterologists more related to work-life balance than employment factors – https://www.healio.com/news/gastroenterology/20171017/burnout-in-gastroenterologists-more-related-to-worklife-balance-than-employment-factors
- Now, It Is Time to Consider Job Stress in the Field of Gastroenterology – https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?number=6882
- The Trend in Industry Payments During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Gastroenterologists and Hepatologists in the United States – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9849032/
- 2023 Industry Outlook: Gastroenterology Practices and Ancillary Services – HealthCare Appraisers – https://healthcareappraisers.com/2023-industry-outlook-gastroenterology-practices-and-ancillary-services/
- Geographic Density of Gastroenterologists is Associated with Decreased Mortality from Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10015926/
- Burden and Cost of Gastrointestinal, Liver, and Pancreatic Diseases in the United States: Update 2021 – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10756322/